PANACEA Platform is a thematic network that fosters the effective exchange between research,industry, and the farming community, so that direct applicable solutions are widely disseminated and grassroots level needs and innovative ideas are thoroughly captured, in order to design the penetration path of non-food crops into European agriculture.
\nThis API is open and free for users to get access to the information included in the repository.
\nHINT: you can change the format of the response in every call of this API by passing the equivalent variable on the url parameters list.\n\nTo set this, pass the `filter` parameter with one of the following options\n - xml\n - csv\n - json (default)\n - yaml\nTo access any of the available by the API calls you must have a personalized TOKEN. You can acquire this by making request to the login call. Provide your email and password in the body of the request and if they are correct the API will feed you with the token.
\nPANACEA Platform groups the nfc projects in categories. You can access a list of the available categories through this api call.
\n","auth":{"type":"bearer","bearer":{"basicConfig":[{"key":"token","value":"PANACEA Platform, in addition to categories, groups the nfc projects in topics. You can access a list of the available categories through this api call.
\n","auth":{"type":"bearer","bearer":{"basicConfig":[{"key":"token","value":"You can limit the response and enquery the database by passing the desired filters as a url parameter.
\npage, projects are paginated to avoid large data downloads. You can specify which page you want through this parameter.
\n\n\nin example: https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/api/projects?page=1
\n
categories, you can filter projects by category by passing the equivalent ids.
\n\n\nin example: https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/api/projects?categories[]=1&categories[]=2
\n
topics, you can filter projects by topic by passing the equivalent ids.
\n\n\nin example: https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/api/projects?topics[]=1&topics[]=2
\n
term, you can query the projects database using keyword
\n\n\nin example: https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/api/projects?term=epobio
\n
all of the above, you can use combinations of the precviously mentioned filters to locate the desired project.
\n\n\nin example: https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/api/projects?page=1&categories[]=1&topics[]=1&term=epobio
\n
You can limit the response and enquery the database by passing the desired filters as a url parameter.
\ncategory, crops can be grouped by category. Set the desired category(ies) to retrive the equivalent crop records.
\n\n\nin example: https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/api/crops?filterCategories[]=1
\n
families, you can filter projects by category by passing the equivalent ids.
\n\n\nin example: https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/api/crops?filterFamilies[]=12
\n
all of the above, you can use combinations of the precviously mentioned filters to locate the desired project.
\n\n\nin example: https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/api/crops?filterFamilies[]=12&filterCategories[]=1&filterCategories[]=2
\n
Ethiopian mustard is closely related to rapeseed (\\n Brassica napus L.). The plant can be up to 120 cm height. It has a deep root system. It is a tall, leafy plant, well adapted in the Mediterranean climate (1). It can be grown either as winter or spring annual crop.
\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n\\n
\\r\\n\\n Where can it be grown?\\n
\\r\\nIt is proposed to be grown in the South Europe as an alternative oilseed crop to Brassica napus due to its high seed yields, its ability to adapt in arid and semi-arid conditions and its tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress (2, 3, 4).
\\n What is Ethiopian mustard is used for?\\n
\\r\\nEthiopian mustard is cultivated for its oil that is rich in erucic and linoleic acids and well-indicated for biofuels. Most of the literature on the energy uses of Ethiopian mustard focuses on the production of biodiesell (5) and bioethanol (6). The oil profile of zero erucic-acid Ethiopian mustard consists of 33% oleic, 37% linoleic and 21% linolenic acid (7) compared to 61% oleic, 21% linoleic and 11% linolenic acid in Brassica napus (8).
\\n Production Cycle\\n
\\r\\nEthiopian mustard it is well adapted to the temperate climatic zones of Europe. The crop is proposed to be grown as spring crop in areas with cold winter due to its low resistant to frost. In areas with mild winter can be also grown as winter crop. The seed density should be the same used for Brassica napus. The crop is characterized by high tolerance to heat and drought and saline conditions (9, 10). The crop is suited to a wide range of soils and pH should be 5.5 – 8.0. The crop is sensitive to salt and the seeds may not germinate in soils with an above average salinity level. It is not tolerant to waterlogging.
\\n Establishment/Sowing\\n
\\r\\nThe soil preparation and sowing is quite similar to Brassica napus. For a good establishment a plant rate of 200 seeds per m2 is recommended (8 kg seeds per ha). The sowing depth should be 1-2 cm and the distances between the rows should be 30 cm. Sowing date has been found to have a much larger effect on yield than seed rates and, where environments allow, an early autumn sowing is likely to achieve best results.
\\n Inputs/nutrients\\n
\\r\\nIt is recommended to add up to 100 kg N and 30 kg P through fertilizers. Higher levels of nitrogen will increase proteins and enhance leaf production, whereas more phosphorous will enhance the seed production potential. Irrigation is not necessary even and thus it is proposed as a promisiing oilseed crop for the dry areas of the Mediterranean regions.
\\n Pests and Diseases\\n
\\r\\nIt is sensitive to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and especially the leaf crop is vulnerable. TuMV is transmitted by a range of aphids, among which the cabbage aphid and the green peach aphid are the most important. The crop is susceptible to black rot (Xanthomonas campestris), and black spot (Alternaria brassicicola), and to damping off and seedling root rot (Rhizoctonia solani). The best disease control is the proper management rather than a spraying regime with agro-chemicals.\\n
\\r\\n \\n
\\r\\n\\n Harvesting and storage\\n
\\r\\nHarvest is a critical operation and losses can be heavy due to the small seeds and because of the uniform rippening of the seeds. An early harvesting can result on reduce seed quality, while a late can enhance pod shuttering. The moisture content of Brassica carinata at harvest time of the seed must be around 7-9% and it’s recommended for safe storage of rapeseed to be dried to less than 9%.
\\n Crop Productivity/Yield\\n
\\r\\nThe crops has been tested in trials in South Europe in the last and the acheived mean seed yields were 1.5 t/ha. The last years new improved varieties from Canada promsing significant higher seed yields that came up 3 t/ha. The oil seeds of the crop content around 40% oil.
\",\n \"references\": \"\\n
\",\n \"value_chain\": null,\n \"image\": \"flowering_revised.jpg\",\n \"created_at\": \"2020-03-23 17:31:40\",\n \"updated_at\": \"2020-11-18 17:15:27\",\n \"files\": [],\n \"full_url_img\": \"https://www.app.panacea-h2020.eu/storage/CropData/crop_8/flowering_revised.jpg\",\n \"category\": {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"parent_category_id\": 0,\n \"name\": \"oil\",\n \"img\": \"oil.jpg\",\n \"bg_color\": \"#799547\",\n \"color\": \"#fff\",\n \"full_url_image\": \"https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/img/oil.jpg\"\n },\n \"family\": {\n \"id\": 12,\n \"label\": \"Brassicaceae\",\n \"created_at\": \"2020-03-23 17:28:47\",\n \"updated_at\": \"2020-03-23 17:28:47\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"id\": 9,\n \"category_id\": 2,\n \"family_id\": 13,\n \"description\": \"\\n
Hemp is an annual spring crop that traditional is cultivated for its fiber stems. It is a rapid growing crop that can reach a height of 4 m in 100 days. The majority of hemp varieties are dioecious, while recently monoecious varieties have been developed.
\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n\\n Where can it be grown?\\n
\\r\\nHemp grows best on fertile soils with 7.1-7.6. Acid soils with pH below 6 should be avoided. It can be grown worldwide in a wind range of climates. The last years an increasing interest for industrial hemp has been recorded worldwide. In particular in Europe the area of its cultivation from 14,000 ha in 2012 came up to 42700 in 2017. Although, the main producer in Europe is still France an increasing growing area has been recorded in Italy, Netherlands, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine, Romania and Germany (1).
\\n What is industrial hemp is used for?\\n
\\r\\nAlthough industrial hemp is considered as fiber crop, high-value bio-products can be produced from all plant parts (stems, leaves, seeds and flowers). The fibres of its stem are being used for paper and pulp, insulation mats, bio-composites and textiles. The shivs (the woody part of its stem) can be used as construction material, for animal bedding, garden mulch, etc. The seeds can be consumed as food and/or feed, the seeds oil can be used either for food and feed consumption and/or for cosmetics and heath care products. The flowers have numerous pharmaceutical uses from THC, CBD and other cannabinoids. Thus, industrial hemp is considered a natural biorefinery (2, 3).
\\n Production Cycle\\n
\\r\\nIt is an annual spring crop and it should be sown in early spring. The hemp plant is sensitive to short day length which induces early flowering. Flowering time is a very important factor in hemp yield determination, both in terms of quantity and quality (4). It requires long days (14-16 hours) during its vegetative phase.
\\n Establishment/Sowing\\n
\\r\\nThe sowing should be done as soon as the soil temperature stabilizes at 8-10oC. The sowing density is strongly depends on the end-use of the crop. Thus, for fibre production 60-70 kg seeds/ha should be applied, while for seeds production this is much smaller (10-15 kg seeds/ha). The sowing should be done is rows with distances 15 to 70 cm between the rows. The seeds should be sown 3-4 cm deep. When it is grown for seeds special attention should be given to weed control because the plant densities is very low.
\\n Inputs/nutrients\\n
\\r\\nIt requires a mild, temperate climate and an annual rainfall or irrigation of at least 500 to 700 mm. The optimum fertilizers doses are: N: 90-120 kg/ha, P2O5: 70-100 kg/ha, K2O: 150-180 kg/ha. When the crop it is grown for fibre special attention should be given on potassium and calcium, while when growing for seeds the phosphorus availability is very critical for the seeds formation. When hemp follows legumes less nitrogen fertilization is needed. It grows best when supplied with moisture throughout its growing season and especially during the first six weeks of growth. For optimum yields, 250 to 300 mm of moisture during the vegetative growing stage is required. Droughts at germination and flowering phases can seriously damage the growth and yields of the crop.
\\n Pests and Diseases\\n
\\r\\nHemp can also suffer from fungi, the diseases like Fusarium wilt, septoriosis and gray mildew are found especially in weather conditions promoting these diseases. Sometimes, especially if hemp is grown several times on the same stand, in may suffer from a parasitic plant – branched broomrape (Orobranche ramosa L.).
\\n Harvesting and storage\\n
\\r\\nTime of harvesting depends on the purpose of cultivation of hemp. When it is grown for fibre the harvesting should be done in the beginning of flowering (5). At that time the fibre are delicate and quite strong and are appropriate to textile production. When the harvesting is being delayed the fiber yields are increasing but because the lignificationn (6) is also increased the fibres are not appropriate for the textiles but can be used for pulp production. When it is grown for seeds or fibres and seeds the crop should be harvesting at full maturity phase, when seeds in the middle part of panicle are mature. At that time the fibres can be used for non-textile applications (insulation mats, etc.).
\\n Crop Productivity/Yield\\n
\\r\\nIn Europe the mean yields in terms of dry stems is 7.5 t/ha and for fibres 2.5 t/ha. The seeds contain 32.5% oil, 70% is corresponding to polyunsaturated fatty acids (7).
\",\n \"references\": \"\\n
1. European Industrial Hemp Association – EIHA, www.eiha.org\\n
\\r\\n2. FIBRA project, www.fibrafp7.net\\n
\\r\\n3. MULTIHEMP project, www.multihemp.eu\\n
\\r\\n4. Struik P.C., Amaducci S., Bullard M.J., Stutterheim N.C., Venturi G., Cromack H.T.H. (2000) Agronomy of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Europe. Industrial Crops and Products, 11: 107-118.\\n
\\r\\n5. Müssig, J., Martens, R., 2003. Quality aspects in Hemp fibre production - influence of cultivation, harvesting and retting. J. Ind. Hemp, 8 (1), 11–32.\\n
\\r\\n6. Medeghini Bonatti, P., Ferrari, C., Focher, B., Grippo, C., Torri, G., Cosentino, C., 2004. Histochemical and supramolecular studies in determining quality of hemp fibres for textile applications. Euphytica, 140: 55-64.\\n
\\r\\n7. Deferne, J.L., Pate, D. W., 1996. Hemp seed oil: A source of valuable essential fatty acids. Journal of the International Hemp Association, 3(1): 1, 4-7.
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Crambe is an annual oilseed crop with plant height varying from 50 to 120 cm. Like camelina, crambe has a rather small cropping cycle between 85 to 105 days (1). Usually flowering is starting 52 days from planting. From the end of flowering to the maturing two weeks are required.\\n
\\r\\n \\n
\\r\\n\\n Where can it be grown?\\n
\\r\\nIt can grow on a variety of soil types with pH 5.0 to 7.8 (2). It fit bests on sandy loams soils, while on heavy clay or sandy soils the growth and yields are reduced. It has a tap root that can be longer when it grows under stress conditions. A temperature range of 15-25°C is required over the main vegetative period.
\\n What is crambe is used for?\\n
\\r\\nCrambe considered important oilseed crop due to high percentage in erucic acid (3) (higher than rapeseed) which has significant implications for industrial uses, specifically the plastics industry. Crambe oil withstands high temperatures and remains liquid at low temperatures make it a quality lubricant and transfer oil. Because it is a very effective lubricant and much more biodegradable than mineral oils, this oil may be used alone or as additives for the textile, steel and shipping industries.
\\n Production Cycle\\n
\\r\\nIn areas with mild winters can be grown both as winter and spring crop, while in colder areas should be grown as spring crop. In the Mediterranean region, although it can be possibly cultivated both as winter and spring crop, it is recommended the sowing to be postponed till the second part of February. The harvesting take places from late of May to late June.
\\n Establishment/Sowing\\n
\\r\\nThe sowing should be carried on a firmed seedbed and the sowing depth should be shallow between 1.5 to 2.5 cm deep. At sowing the seed bed temperature should be around 10°C. For the sowing a quantity of at least 15 kg seeds per ha is needed and at least 100 seeds per m2 should be seeded in order to achieve density of 75 plants per m2. In COSMOS project two densities are being compared 125 and 250 seeds per m2 with narrow rows (12.5 and 25 cm, respectively). In the same project different sowing dates have been tested.
\\n Inputs/nutrients\\n
\\r\\nAlthough its drought resistance strongly depends on the cultivated variety, crambe can be considered as drought tolerant crop. Crambe has similar fertilizer requirements to other spring oilseed crops. The best seed yields had been achieved when 150kg/N had been applied.
\\n Pests and Diseases\\n
\\r\\nCrambe was successfully commercialized, because of its inherent ability to compete with weeds, ward off insects, and escape diseases without help from pesticides. Crambe has been found to be susceptible to Alternaria and sclerotinia and a well-timed fungicide application at the mid-flowering stage has had a yield response (up to 1t/ha) and may also improve oil content. Fungicide dressed seed may also beneficial. Plants are susceptible to the same range and pests and diseases as those of oilseed rape including beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii).
\\n Harvesting and storage\\n
\\r\\nCrambe is physiologically mature when 50 percent of the seeds have turned brown (usually 90-100 after planting). Timely harvest is important to avoid high shattering losses. At maturity, the appearance of the plant may vary from leaves turning yellow and dropping to the plant (stems and leaves) remaining green. Crambe can be harvested with unmodified combines and is usually direct-combined standing but can be swathed.
\\n Crop Productivity/Yield\\n
\\r\\nIn COSMOS project the mean seed yields were 2.3 t/ha (varied from 0.6 to 3.1t/ha). It oil content vary from 36-43% (6, 7). In dehulled seeds the oil content could be up to 54%, while it is quite lower (25-33%) in non-dehulled. The content of erucic acid on the seed oils varies from 55 to 60%. On a dry basis, whole crambe seed contained 33.9% oil, 25.2% protein, and 12.3% crude fiber.
\",\n \"references\": \"\\n
\\n undefined1. https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Crambe_abyssinica.html
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedundefined2. Duke, J. A., 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. NewCROPS web site, Purdue University
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedundefined3. Castleman G, Pymer S, Greenwood C. Potential for Crambe (C. abyssinica) In Mallee/Wimmera of Australia. In: Proceedings 10th international rapessed congress. Camberra, Australia; 1999.
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedundefined4. Wang YP, Tang JS, Chu CQ, Tian J. A preliminary study on the introduction and cultivation of Crambe abyssinica in China, an oil plant for industrial uses. Industrial Crops and Products 2000; 12:47–52.
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedundefined5. EU project entitled Crops2Industry, undefinedwww.cres.gr/cropsindustry
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedundefined6. EU project entitled EUROBIOREF, undefinedwww.eurobioref.org
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedundefined7. EU project entitled COSMOS, undefinedhttps://cosmos-h2020.eu/
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefined\",\n \"value_chain\": null,\n \"image\": \"DSC_1439.JPG\",\n \"created_at\": \"2020-03-23 17:58:55\",\n \"updated_at\": \"2020-11-18 17:18:41\",\n \"files\": [\n \"https://www.app.panacea-h2020.eu/storage/CropData/crop_10/meta/DSC_1435.JPG\",\n \"https://www.app.panacea-h2020.eu/storage/CropData/crop_10/meta/DSC_1479.JPG\"\n ],\n \"full_url_img\": \"https://www.app.panacea-h2020.eu/storage/CropData/crop_10/DSC_1439.JPG\",\n \"category\": {\n \"id\": 1,\n \"parent_category_id\": 0,\n \"name\": \"oil\",\n \"img\": \"oil.jpg\",\n \"bg_color\": \"#799547\",\n \"color\": \"#fff\",\n \"full_url_image\": \"https://app.panacea-h2020.eu/img/oil.jpg\"\n },\n \"family\": {\n \"id\": 12,\n \"label\": \"Brassicaceae\",\n \"created_at\": \"2020-03-23 17:28:47\",\n \"updated_at\": \"2020-03-23 17:28:47\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"id\": 11,\n \"category_id\": 1,\n \"family_id\": 14,\n \"description\": \"undefined
Castor it is annual or perennial oilseed plant that grows spontaneously in the whole Mediter-ranean region. Castor plant can grow up to 2 m tall, but the selection of shorter plants has been recently carried out and thus new shorter varieties/hybrids have been developed that are appropriate for mechanical harvesting. It’s a spring crop very exigent in temperature, but able to grow under low water availability due to its tap root. Castor seeds contain up to 50% oil, which is mostly (about 90%) constituted by ricinoleic acid, which is a hydroxy fatty acid with outstanding applications in the bio-based industry.
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedWhere can it be grown?undefined
\\r\\nIt is a hardy crop and can be grown in a wide range of warm regions with a rainfall of 250-750 mm. It performs best in moderate temperature (20-26oC). It can grow on marginal sites due to high tolerance for growth in harsh environmental conditions such as drought, heat and saline soil conditions (1). It is not yet cultivated in Europe as commercial crop even though it is suitable for the Mediterranean region.
undefinedWhat is castor used for?undefined
\\r\\nCastor is high oil-yielding crop and oil content of castor seeds is around 50%. It has good fu-ture potential to be an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content (more than 480 g kg–1), unique fatty acid composition (900 g kg–1 of ricinoleic acid), potentially high oil yields (1250–2500 L per ha (2). The importance of castor oil arises from its richness (85%) in ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy 9-octadecenoic acid). Castor oil has numerous chemical and me-dicinal applications (3) and has more than 700 uses. It is mainly used for lubricants, but also for polymers such as polyurethanes.
undefinedProduction Cycleundefined
\\r\\nCastor plant requires 140–180 days growing season and is not resistant to frost. The crop best yield on fertile, sandy, clay loam, well-drained soils which are neither alkaline nor saline. Satisfactory seed yields of castor have been reported when it was grown on marginal lands in the Mediterranean region (4).
undefinedEstablishment/Sowingundefined
\\r\\nThe crop is considered as resistant to drought. The sowing of the plant in the Mediterranean region should be done in the first half of April when the soil temperature is above 120C. . It has been recommended to sow in rows with 1 m distance between the rows and 25 to 50 cm within the rows (12-15 kg seeds/ha). Castor has an initial slow growth rate that increase a month from sowing. The soil depth at sowing varies according to the soil type from 6 to 10 cm. Shallow soil depth at sowing (6 to 8 cm) is recommended in heavy soils. Weed control is very essential both pre and post emergence of plant.
undefinedInputsundefined
\\r\\nCastor can grow on wide range of soils most suitable soils for sowing are deep (up to 2 m) moderately fertile, well drained, sandy loams and slightly acidic conditions. It can be grown on soil with pH range of 5-8. Castor requires large amount of base fertilizer for high yield. Ac-cording to the study done in India, the recommended dose is 40 Kg N, 40 Kg P and 20 Kg K per hectare (5). For the optimum high yield castor plants requires 20.6 to 24.7 cm/ha of water annually (6).
undefinedNutrientsundefined
\\r\\nThe crop requires the optimal nitrogen dose of 300 kg N ha−1 (5) to give the highest yield of 5.9 and 5.8 t ha−1. It has been estimated that for the production of 2000 kg seeds/ha is re-moved from the soil: 80 kg/ha N, 18 kg/ha P2O5, 32 kg/ha of K2O, 13 kg/ha CaO, and 10 kg/ha of MgO (7).
undefinedPests and Diseasesundefined
\\r\\nAlthough several diseases have been reported for castor, only a few are considered that could seriously decrease its productivity namely gray mold, vascular wilt and charcoal rot. Gray mold is one of the most serious castor diseases worldwide and can be found in ra-cemes when the moisture content is increased (rainfalls) at the flowering phase. The castor seedlings are susceptible to vascular wilt when cultivated in wet soils. In the field trials con-ducted in the Mediterranean region no pests and diseases problems were recorded.
undefinedHarvestingundefined
\\r\\n120 -150 days is needed for the crop to reach maturity. The harvesting should be done usual-ly first half of September (in south Europe) when the capsules are yellow-brown. The seeds do not mature at the same time and in most of the cases the plantations should be sprayed in order the growth to be stopped and the harvesting to be scheduled. Castor seeds are very susceptible to cracking and splitting at the maturity stage. Its mechanical harvesting hasn’t been well organised yet.
undefinedStorageundefined
\\r\\nAfter the harvest the castor seed will be dried to 9% or less for safe storage and to main good quality.
undefinedCrop Productivity/Yieldundefined
\\r\\nSeed yields vary according to the cultivated variety/hybrid and the cultivation site. In the Mediterranean region (Italy, Greece) yields from 2 to 5 t/ha have been reported the last years (8, 9).
\",\n \"references\": \"undefined
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefined
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Camelina is an annual C3 crop native to Eurasia. Plants are erect (0.8-1.2 m tall). Each branch terminates in a raceme with yellow flowers typical of Brassicaceae family. Up to 10-12 seeds are enclosed in a "pear-shape" silique. Individual seed weight is below 1.5 mg. It can be grown both as winter and spring crop. Seeds contain up to 42% of oil and up to 30% of protein. Camelina oil is very rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a composition like flax.
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedWhere can it be grown?undefined
\\r\\nCamelina is very fast growing and it has short crop cycle. It can grow successfully in whole Europe; in central and north as spring crop and in south Europe as winter and spring crop.
undefinedWhat is camelina used for?undefined
\\r\\nCamelina has high oil content of 35-38% or higher, desirable lipid composition, novel traits from genetic engineering, and ability to grow in low-input farming systems. Camelina has an oil profile of n-6:n-3 ratio which makes its very healthy oil. Considering these factors came-lina could have a strong future as a genetically engineered crop (GE) producing high-value compounds (e.g. omega-3- fatty acids) or as a part of sustainable crop production systems, as winter cover crop (1) or even as biofuels.
undefinedProduction Cycleundefined
\\r\\nCamelina is a short-season crop and it requires 85-100 days. It grows well in light and medi-um fertile soils. It can be grown successfully with rotation with legumes and/or cereals. Cur-rently, camelina is being tested in different cropping systems in Europe in the view of re-search projects (rotations, double cropping, intercropping).
undefinedEstablishment/Sowingundefined
\\r\\nIn central and north Europe it is sown from April to May, while when it is grown in South Eu-rope it can either be sown as winter crop (October to December) or spring crop (February to March). is recommended 4 to 6 kg/ha to be applied at sowing. The soil depth at sowing should not be higher than 2 cm. High plant densities (500 seeds per m2) are recommended for high seed yields (2).undefined
\\r\\nundefined
\\r\\nundefinedInputsundefined
\\r\\nCamelina is low input crop and it can be grown even in South Europe without irrigation. The average amount of energy used for the production of 1 Mg of camelina seeds is 17 GJ Mg−1 and the average energy gain from production of camelina is 56.33 GJ ha−1 (3).
undefinedNutrientsundefined
\\r\\nIt is considered as a crop with relatively low nitrogen requirements. 75 kg N/ha are enough to cover the nitrogen needs of the crop, while higher doses of nitrogen fertilization can increase the lodging problems and decrease the oil content of the seeds.
undefinedPests and Diseasesundefined
\\r\\nCamelina is pest resistance and low maintenance crop, compared to other oilseed crops. It is not a competitive crop therefore some herbicides are needed to be used to control the per-ennial weeds. Camelina is tolerant to insects (4), and diseases (5) therefore it does not re-quire pesticides. Camelina farm though needs management techniques to control mildew and slugs.
undefinedHarvestingundefined
\\r\\nIn South Europe camelina can be harvested from the end of May to middle of June, depends on the time of sowing (in winter or spring). In central and northern Europe the harvesting should be done in the first half of August. Camelina can be seeded and harvested with con-ventional farm equipment which makes it easier for farmers to adopt. When the pods turn yellow-brown they can be harvested.
undefinedStorageundefined
\\r\\nOptimum seed moisture content is 8.5%.
undefinedCrop Productivity/Yieldundefined
\\r\\nSeed yield is approx. 1.5 Mg ha−1 d.m., and it can reach as much as 3 Mg ha−1 d.m. in favourable conditions (2, 3).
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Sorghum is an annual herbaceous spring C4 crop with erect stems that can reach 5 m height. The stems are large with a diameter up to 5cm and are consist of alternating nodes and internodes and each node supporting one leaf. Each stem can produce up to 30 leaves (30 -35 cm long and 1.3-15 cm wide). At the flowering one panicle is being developed on the top of each stem. The panicles can greatly vary in terms of color, size (short, compact, lose or open) and seed production.
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedWhere can it be grown?undefined
\\r\\nSweet sorghum is well-adapted to marginal growing conditions such as water deficits, water logging, salinity, alkalinity, and heat waves. It can be cultivated throughout most of Europe, but the limiting factor is temperature. Therefore, Southern Europe with warm summer, Medi-terranean climate is more suitable.
undefinedWhat is sorghum used for?undefined
\\r\\nSweet sorghum is multipurpose plant. Its seeds can be used as animal feed and stalks as building materials. The whole crop, its juice, seeds and bagasse can be used to generate bio-fuel.
undefinedProduction Cycleundefined
\\r\\nSweet sorghum growth cycle is short therefore allows double cropping. It is sown from early April to early May and requires approximately 100 days to harvest. Sorghum yield increases in rotational cropping system. Growing sorghum and groundnut in intercrop enhances land use efficiency and increases monetary returns (1).
undefinedEstablishment/Sowingundefined
\\r\\nIt can be easily established with seeds. The crop prefers deep black soil or deep red loamy soil and with soil depth of 1m. Late sowing in July attracts the shoot fly and sowing in cold months is not favourable. Spacing between two rows should be 45-70cm and between two plants is 5-15cm. Seed rate is 8-10 kg per hectare and if planter is used it can be reduced to 8kg.
undefinedInputsundefined
\\r\\nWater use efficiency is high. It requires very less water and can also be grown as rain-fed crop. However, irrigation is required if there is no rainfall right after sowing and during critical crop growth stages. Due to its low inputs, it is tested on experimental fields in Germany for biogas production instead of corn.
undefinedNutrientsundefined
\\r\\nNutrient use efficiency is high. The sorghum crop can produce high biomass yields with low nitrogen input. Fertilizer requirement is very little and easy crop management. Sorghum have been able to meet peak N needs along growth by draining excessive soil nitrogen and to per-form yields of about 20 Mg fry weight ha−1, by simply tapping existing soil reserves. Signifi-cant amount of P and K is removed during harvesting of the crop, therefore for a sustainable crop production enough fertilizer needs to be added to offset the removal.
undefinedPests and Diseasesundefined
\\r\\nSorghum has similar pests to corn. In order to minimize the diseases and pests problems it is suggested to cultivate improved varieties/hybrids and to follow a proper rotation system. The most common disease known to attack sorghum and cause economic losses is the antrach-nose. A wide variety of insect pests can affect sorghum throughout its life cycle. One of the way to control the pests and diseases is crop rotation with non-grass crops such as soybean. Different varieties of sorghum are susceptible to different diseases.
undefinedHarvestingundefined
\\r\\nHarvesting can be done between August and October and with simple machines which sepa-rates and grains from the plant. The harvester cuts the stalks into pieces ranging from 150 to 200 mm. Sweet sorghum’s once harvested sugar starts to degrade therefore the sugar ex-traction needs to be immediately done. This reduces the flexibility and increases the transpor-tation costs. Sorghum can also be harvested by crop desiccation to maximise the yield through assimilation of carbohydrate in the seed and the moisture is stored in soil for next crop use.
undefinedStorageundefined
\\r\\nSorghum grain moisture content should be less than 13.5% for long term storage. Sorghum juice is concentrated to syrup for storage to stabilize the juice to reduce sugar loss. Syrup can be stored in tanks for up to 9 months without loss of quality before they can be used as feed-stock for ethanol production.
undefinedCrop Productivity/Yieldundefined
\\r\\nSweet Sorghum can yield more ethanol compared to other energy crops like corn, sugar beet. Crop yield potential is 7.6- Mg/ha and ethanol yield potential of sorghum is 3560 L/ha (2). Similarly, another research by shows that the crop yield potential is 13, 600 L per ha(3).
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Triticale is a hybrid between wheat and rye, belonging to the Poaceae family. It combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance (including soil conditions) of rye. Its high yield potential gives triticale the possibility to be widely adapted to European climates. Triticale harvested biomass could be used for biogas production or fermented for sourcing bioethanol.
\\r\\n\\r\\nundefinedundefinedWhere can it be grown?undefined
\\r\\nIt can grow in most EU areas with Poland, Germany and France to be among the main pro-ducers in Europe. It is considered as a cereal crop that can be grown successfully in less fa-vourable agricultural lands due its tolerance to acid, alkali and water-logged conditions.
undefinedWhat is triticale used for?undefined
\\r\\nTriticale is versatile crop. It has high starch content and a low content of soluble polysaccha-rides and proteins and is therefore considered to be ideal for bioethanol production. It can also be used as a forage as an alternative source of protein.
undefinedProduction Cycleundefined
\\r\\nTriticale production cycle is similar to wheat and grows in spring and matures in early sum-mer. There are two varieties of triticale- grain only and dual purpose. Grain only varieties per-form best in long-season environments.
undefinedEstablishment/Sowingundefined
\\r\\nTriticale varieties have different sowing period. They can be established from Feb-June. The desired plant density is 150-200 plants her m2 depending upon the seasonal variation. The seeding rate in 75-100 kg/ha.
undefinedInputsundefined
\\r\\nTriticale adapted to less favourable soil conditions. It is suitable for low input farming because of lower demands on pesticides application. Triticale is more resistant to drought, pest and diseases and offers more competition to weeds compared to wheat, therefore making it a best option. Control weeding is required before the crop grows out of the ground. However sometimes triticale is susceptible to yellow rust, powdery mildew (1).
undefinedNutrientsundefined
\\r\\nTriticale is nitrogen efficient crop and it was concluded that the nitrogen intake can be reduced by 40 kg N/ha compared to wheat to reduce the problem of lodging. Triticale has shown higher yield, 8% higher compared to wheat in similar condition (1).
undefinedPests and Diseasesundefined
\\r\\nIn spring varieties of triticale, ergot is the most serious disease, and this can cause health problems in animals. In winter varieties of the crop, scab is more prevalent. To prevent scab from reoccurring triticale, planting should be avoided for two years in a row. Leaf rust is also more severe on triticale. Triticale grows slower than wheat therefore it needs certain level of weed management and seed bed needs to be prepared well for its rapid germination.
undefinedPollinationundefined
\\r\\nTriticale is the cross of wheat and rye. Therefore, it is self-pollinating crop like wheat and does not cross pollinate like rye.
undefinedHarvestingundefined
\\r\\nHarvesting should be done timely to avoid sprouting and usually the time is a week later compared to wheat. Triticale can be easily thrashed when dry.
undefinedStorageundefined
\\r\\nTriticale grain is softer than wheat therefore more prone to attack insects. The moisture con-tent should be 13% or lower for long term storage. Fumigation prior to storage in sealed silos is effective in reducing the risk of insect damage when storing triticale.
undefinedCrop Productivity/Yieldundefined
\\r\\nTriticale has a high yield potential. The yield is 9.64 t/ha, 0.6 t/ha higher than the best wheat variety in average. Triticale is gaining attention as a profitable crop and has 8% high yield ad-vantage when compared with wheat (2).
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Miscanthus is a perennial rhizomatous C4 grass, native to East Asia, with high biomass yield potential. Miscanthus x giganteus is presently the only commercially grown miscanthusundefined
\\r\\ngenotype, which is a hybrid between M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus.undefined
\\r\\nMiscanthus x giganteus is being established by rhizomes and/or platlets. Its biomass has val-uable applications in different end-uses mainly related to energy production.
undefinedWhere can it be grown?undefined
\\r\\nIt can be grown in whole Europe successfully. Currenty, its cultivation area in Europe is around 25,000 and is mainly located in UK, Germany, Poland and France. It is suitable for a wide range of soils and best produced is pH between 5.5 and 7.5.
undefinedWhat is Miscanthus used for?undefined
\\r\\nMiscanthus can grow as tall as 3m and its low mineral content and high biomass yield makes its suitable feedstock for both energy (heat, electricity and bioethanol) and non-energy pur-poses (animal bedding, paper and bioplastics). It is found to be very beneficial for soil erosion mitigation and allows high level of carbon storage in soil due to high level of plant residues from above and below ground.
undefinedProduction Cycleundefined
\\r\\nIt is a perennial crop (10-20 years) that regrowth every spring and is being harvested annually from January till beginning of March.
undefinedEstablishment/Sowingundefined
\\r\\nMiscanthus is being established in spring either with rhizomes or plantlets at thus density to get 1-2 plants/m2. The first year of the cycle is dedicated to the crop establishment with soil preparation, rhizomes planting (19,000 rhizomes/ha) and chemical weeding (if necessary). It most of the cases weed control is needed only at the first stages of growth at the establishment year.
undefinedInputsundefined
\\r\\nMiscanthus needs average input of fertilizers. Although, it is reported as crop with high WUE (water use efficiency), in order high biomass yields to be achieved on dry areas of south Eu-rope irrigation is needed.
undefinedNutrientsundefined
\\r\\nNitrogen inputs requirements are minimal and in winter most N remains in roots, rhizomes and litter. Nitrogen (N) fertilization is necessary mainly on soils with low N content. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) are about 2–5, 0.3–1.1 and 0.8–1.0 kg per t of dry matter.
undefinedPests and Diseasesundefined
\\r\\nMiscanthus requires very low use of chemicals for pests, diseases and weed management (1). It is reported that under European conditions, the pests and diseases problems are limited and the most important disease that has been reported is blight. Miscanthus can com-pete successfully weeds once it will have a good establishment.
undefinedHarvestingundefined
\\r\\nHarvesting can be done once a year and harvested in the form of 3-4 meters high canes. The harvest is from December - March depends on the specific climatic region. Harvesting can be carried out using conventional farm machinery (e.g. self-propelled forage harvesters, etc.), producing either bales or chipped material.
undefinedStorageundefined
\\r\\nMiscanthus chips can be stored well in covered storage but chips have some drawbacks like its low bulk density (150 kg m−3), low fuel mass in combustion chambers, and potential bridging and clogging in automated feed systems (2).Pelleting is an option for Miscanthus and the highest pellet bulk density of 810 g L−1 (2) can be achieved. The energy costs of large-scale pellet production can vary from 40 to 80€ t−1 pelleted biomass, at a capacity of approximately 3 t h−1.
undefinedCrop Productivity/Yieldundefined
\\r\\nThe yield of above ground Miscanthus biomass can be up to 16.3 ton dry matter/ha/year (3). In case of fully established 3-4 m tall miscanthus, the crop yield reaches up to 10-25 ton dry matter per hectare.
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